Bio-molecules: Bio-molecules include macromolecules like
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Bio-molecules are
hydrocarbons, which consists mainly of carbon and hydrogen with oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus. Bio-molecules are molecules of many atoms are covalently bound together .All bio-molecules are having carbon hydrogen back bone. Living organisms are around
more than one half of carbon element. Carbon has capacity to form four bonds
with different or same atoms by electrons. That bond is covalent bond. Which share electrons with other carbon atom
called as catination. If carbon atom shares one electron that is single bond
between carbons (C-C),if 2e sharing it shows double bond ,C=C. if 3e sharing is triple bond . covalently linked carbon
atoms form linear chain ,branched chain and cyclic form. These carbon chains
link with other groups, that called functional
group .
covalent bond and functional group are central to their functions. Bio-molecules have characteristic size and three dimensional structure ,which derived from their backbone and their functional group .three dimensional structure is most important for bio-molecule interactions with other molecule in the binding of substrate to the catalytic site of an enzyme. X-ray crystallography is useful,if bio-molecules are crystalline in static nature,but molecules are never exist crystalline form in cytosol. But bio-molecules present in cytosol are dissolved state and and have freedom for inter molecular motions in solutions. so for this NMR spectroscopy is useful to find out 3 dimensional structure.
Carbon has tetrahedral arrangement of single bond around a carbon atom.If carbon bond with four different groups or four different functional group ,that carbon called asymmetric.
Isomers are different compounds that have the same molecular formula. When the group of atoms that make up the molecules of different isomers are bonded together in fundamentally different ways, we refer to such compounds as constitutional isomers. For example, in the case of the C4H8 hydrocarbons, most of the isomers are constitutional.
Conformation is the spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule that can come about through free rotation of atoms about a single chemical bond. It can be changed without breaking bonds. Example. rotation about single bonds produce the cis-trans, and E-Z conformations.
configuration is refers to spatial arrangement of bonds and can be changed only by breaking bonds. Example: L- & D and R- & S- configurations of organic molecules can only be changed by breaking one or more bonds
Bio-molecules are 4 classifications .
Isomers are different compounds that have the same molecular formula. When the group of atoms that make up the molecules of different isomers are bonded together in fundamentally different ways, we refer to such compounds as constitutional isomers. For example, in the case of the C4H8 hydrocarbons, most of the isomers are constitutional.
Conformation is the spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule that can come about through free rotation of atoms about a single chemical bond. It can be changed without breaking bonds. Example. rotation about single bonds produce the cis-trans, and E-Z conformations.
configuration is refers to spatial arrangement of bonds and can be changed only by breaking bonds. Example: L- & D and R- & S- configurations of organic molecules can only be changed by breaking one or more bonds
Bio-molecules are 4 classifications .
1.Carbohydrates.
carbohydrates can be written as carbon hydrates, Cn(H2O)n, hence their name. The carbohydrates are a major source of metabolic energy, both for plants and for animals that depend on plants for food.
carbohydrates can be written as carbon hydrates, Cn(H2O)n, hence their name. The carbohydrates are a major source of metabolic energy, both for plants and for animals that depend on plants for food.
2.Amino Acids:
Composed of amine (-NH2) and carboxylic acid (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side-chain specific to each amino acid .The key elements of an amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Composed of amine (-NH2) and carboxylic acid (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side-chain specific to each amino acid .The key elements of an amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
3.Nucleic acids:
DNA and RNA have great chemical similarities. In their primary
structures both are linear polymers(multiple chemical units) composed of monomers (single chemical units), called nucleotides.
4.Fatty acids:
Fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with a long aliphatic tail (chain), which is either saturated or unsaturated. Fatty acids are usually derived from triglycerides or phospholipids .
Fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with a long aliphatic tail (chain), which is either saturated or unsaturated. Fatty acids are usually derived from triglycerides or phospholipids .
1.Carbohydrates:
Cellulose
Starch
Glucose
Fructose
Mannose
Sucrose
Lactose.
2.Amino Acids:
1. proteins
2.peptide
hormones
3.Neurotransmitters.
4.toxic
Alkaloids.
3.Nucleic acids:
1 adenine
2 thamin
3. guanion
4.cytosine
5.ATP
6.coenzymes
7.neurotransmitter.
4.Fatty acids:
1.Membrane lipids
2.
Fats
3.waxes.
